Today, the differences are minimal, though D.O.s still receive training in osteopathic manipulative treatment and are more likely to work in primary care and rural areas. Research shows no significant differences in patient outcomes between D.O.s and M.D.s.

It can feel patronizing. It’s invasive. It’s stigmatizing. As a physician, I hate that most laboratory assays still refer to this test as a “urine drug screen” or “drug screen”. Using the word DRUG immediately brings back memories of drug lords in Sicario or the meth lab in Breaking Bad.